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روان شناسی و مشاوره::
انتظار نتیجۀ منفی
Following operant principles, individuals gravitate to and repeat behaviours associated with positive outcomes (e.g. social attention, emotional relief; positive outcome expectancies), while behaviours linked with anticipated negative outcomes (e.g. peer rejection; negative outcome expectancies) are avoided
When negative outcome expectancies are present, they emerge as a potent protective factor against risk behaviour (Jones, Corbin, & Fromme, 2001).
Consequently, it is not unrealistic that exposure to NSSI in peer groups or in media (e.g. films, online) might inform the outcome expectancies an individual has about NSSI, facilitating positive outcome expectancies when the outcome is favourable and negative outcome expectancies when the consequences are undesirable.
This is true of both "adaptive" and "maladaptive" alternatives; an individual who holds negative outcome expectancies and low self-efficacy to self-injure, but anticipates jogging will improve mood, and has belief in their ability to run 5 km, will likely choose exercise over NSSI when feeling stressed.
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